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²Interactive Brain Model. https://www.brainfacts.org:443/3d-brain. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

³Know Your Brain: Amygdala. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-amygdala. Accessed 19 Mar. 2025.

 

⁴Know Your Brain: Striatum. https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-striatum. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.

 

⁵Glossary. https://www.brainfacts.org:443/glossary. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁶“Figure 1. Image of the Location of the (Left) Dorsolateral Prefrontal...” ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/mage-of-the-location-of-the-left-Dorsolateral-Prefrontal-Cortex-in-the-brain_fig1_340920818. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁷Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁸CSCS, Andrew Tran PT, DPT, NCS. “Corpus Callosum Stroke: Causes, Effects, and Treatment - Home Recovery for Stroke, Brain Injury and More.” Flint Rehab, 1 Dec. 2021, https://www.flintrehab.com/corpus-callosum-stroke/.

 

⁹Corpus Callosum - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/corpus-callosum. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

¹⁰CSCS, Andrew Tran PT, DPT, NCS. “Damage to the Thalamus: Understanding the Side Effects and Recovery Process - Home Recovery for Stroke, Brain Injury and More.” Flint Rehab, 19 Jan. 2021, https://www.flintrehab.com/thalamus-damage/.

 

¹¹Thalamus - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/thalamus. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

¹²OTR/L, Elizabeth Denslow. “Hypothalamus Damage and Brain Injury: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Home Recovery for Stroke, Brain Injury and More.” Flint Rehab, 8 Sept. 2022, https://www.flintrehab.com/hypothalamus-brain-injury/.

¹³Saper, Clifford B., and Bradford B. Lowell. “The Hypothalamus.” Current Biology, vol. 24, no. 23, Dec. 2014, pp. R1111–16. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.023.

 

¹⁴Black, Joanne. “Surprise! All Intuition Isn’t the Same.” No More Cold Calling, 25 Apr. 2019, https://www.nomorecoldcalling.com/surprise-intuition-isnt/.

 

¹⁵Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ventromedial-prefrontal-cortex. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

¹⁶Carter, Rita. The Human Brain Book: An Illustrated Guide to Its Structure, Function, and Disorders. DK, 2019.

 

¹⁷Gerbner, George. "The 'Mainstreaming' of America: Violence Profile No. 11." Journal of Communication, vol. 30, no. 3, 1980, pp. 10-29.

 

¹⁸Morgan, Michael, et al. "The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence & the Cultivation of Fear." Media Education Foundation, 2010.

 

¹⁹"The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence & the Cultivation of Fear." Media Education Foundation, www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Mean-World-Syndrome-Transcript.pdf.

 

²⁰Shanahan, James, and Michael Morgan. Television and Its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. Cambridge UP, 1999.

 

²¹Riddle, Karyn. "Cultivation Theory Revisited: The Impact of Childhood Television Viewing Levels on Social Reality Beliefs and Construct Accessibility in Adulthood." Mass Communication and Society, vol. 12, no. 3, 2009, pp. 301-28.

 

²²Gramlich, John. "Voters’ Perceptions of Crime Continue to Conflict with Reality." Pew Research Center, 16 Nov. 2016, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/11/16/voters-perceptions-of-crime-continue-to-conflict-with-reality/.

 

²³Jamieson, Patrick E., and Daniel Romer. "Violence in Popular U.S. Prime Time TV Dramas and the Cultivation of Fear: A Time Series Analysis." Media and Communication, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014, pp. 31-41.

 

²⁴Levitt, Debbie. "Recognize And Avoid Rage Bait." Medium, 1 July 2024, rbefored.com/recognize-and-avoid-rage-bait-79c224b134b7.

 

²⁵Morris, Richard, et al. "The Psychobiology of Problematic Use of Social Media." Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, vol. 10, no. 4, Dec. 2023, pp. 65-74, doi:10.1007/s40473-023-00261-8.

 

²⁶He, Qinghua, et al. "Excess Social Media Use in Normal Populations Is Associated with Amygdala-Striatal but Not with Prefrontal Morphology.

 

²⁷Badura-Brack, Amy et al. “Veterans with PTSD demonstrate amygdala hyperactivity while viewing threatening faces: A MEG study.” Biological psychology vol. 132 (2018): 228-232. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.005

 

²⁸Ousdal, Olga Therese et al. “The association of PTSD symptom severity with amygdala nuclei volumes in traumatized youths.” Translational psychiatry vol. 10,1 288. 17 Aug. 2020, doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00974-4

 

²⁹Korem, Nachshon, et al. "Amygdala Cannabinoid 1 Receptor, Pain Response, and Emotional Numbing in Trauma-Exposed Individuals." JAMA Network Open, vol. 7, no. 9, Sept. 2024, p. e2432387, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.32387.

 

³⁰Tashjian, Sarah M., and Adriana Galván. "Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Response to Negative Tweets Relates to Executive Functioning." *Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience*, vol. 15, no. 7, 2020, pp. 775-87, doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa101.

 

³¹Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, Third Edition. 3rd edition, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.

 

³²Scarpulla, Emily et al. “Should I post? The relationships among social media use, emotion recognition, and mental health.” Frontiers in psychology vol. 14 1161300. 23 May. 2023, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161300

 

³³Mendes, Sofia. "Social Media and the Brain." *Canva*, 17 Mar. 2025, www.canva.com.

 

³⁴Bamijoko-Okungbaye, A. "Emotional Contagion on Social Media Platforms: New Directions in Cognitive Science and Practice." *Journal for Social Media Inquiry*, vol. 4, no. 1, Sept. 2022, pp. 01-14, doi:10.18662/jsmi/4.1/22.

 

³⁵Sherman, Lauren E et al. “What the brain 'Likes': neural correlates of providing feedback on social media.” Social cognitive and affective neuroscience vol. 13,7 (2018): 699-707. doi:10.1093/scan/nsy051

 

³⁶Propper, David. "Viral Georgia Sorority Girl Lily Stewart Flashes Smile in New Mugshot after Second Arrest." New York Post, 24 Mar. 2025, nypost.com/2025/03/23/us-news/viral-georgia-sorority-girl-lily-stewart-flashes-smile-in-new-mugshot-after-second-arrest/.

 

³⁷Boorstin, Daniel J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. Vintage, 1992.

³⁸DAYAN, Daniel, et al. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. United Kingdom, Harvard University Press, 2009.

 

³⁹"Andrew Tate: Snapshot of Controversial Influencer's Estimated Earnings Revealed." *Sky News*, 20 Jan. 2023, news.sky.com/story/andrew-tate-snapshot-of-controversial-influencers-potential-earnings-revealed-12794172.

 

⁴⁰“YouTube, Instagram, Twitch, TikTok, and More Statistics - SocialBlade.Com.” Social Blade, https://socialblade.com. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁴¹Online Influencer Andrew Tate Detained in Romania, Handed U.K. Arrest Warrant, His Spokesperson Says. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/online-influencer-andrew-tate-detained-romania-handed-uk-arrest-warran-rcna142912. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁴²“Biblical Womanhood | Girl Defined.” GirlDefined, https://girldefined.com/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁴³The Most Emotional Commercial Ever. Directed by Haley Kalil, 2023. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxU59qfkQAg.

⁴⁴Jeon, Yongwoog Andrew, et al. "Increasing the Efficacy of Emotional Appeal Ads on Online Video-Watching Platforms: The Effects of Goals and Emotional Approach Tendency on Ad-Skipping Behavior." *Journal of Advertising*, vol. 53, no. 1, Jan. 2024, pp. 1-18, doi:10.1080/00913367.2022.2073299.

 

⁴⁵“World’s Most Dangerous Toy? Radioactive Atomic Energy Lab Kit with Uranium (1950).” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/virtual-tour/worlds-most-dangerous-toy-radioactive-atomic-energy-lab-kit-with-uranium-1950/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁴⁶Movie & TV reviews for parents. The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens, 2021 | Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-2021. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁴⁷"Average Human Attention Span Statistics & Facts [2024]." *Samba Recovery*, www.sambarecovery.com/rehab-blog/average-human-attention-span-statistics. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

 

⁴⁸"Americans Are Reading Fewer Books for Less Time. People Want to Know Why." *NPR*, 20 Feb. 2025, www.npr.org/2025/02/20/nx-s1-5298185/americans-are-reading-fewer-books-for-less-time-people-want-to-know-why.

 

⁴⁹Moore, Ryan C., and Jeffrey T. Hancock. "A Digital Media Literacy Intervention for Older Adults Improves Resilience to Fake News." *Scientific Reports*, vol. 12, no. 1, Apr. 2022, p. 6008, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08437-0.

 

⁵⁰“Home.” Technology 4 Tomorrow, https://tech4tomorrow.org/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

 

⁵¹Deng, Bingjie, and Michael and Chau. “The Effect of the Expressed Anger and Sadness on Online News Believability.” Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 38, no. 4, Oct. 2021, pp. 959–88. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2021.1990607.

 

⁵²"TikTok Leads Time Spent on Social for Most US Adults." *EMARKETER*, www.emarketer.com/content/tiktok-leads-time-spent-on-social-most-us-adults. Accessed 18 Mar. 2025.

 

⁵³"Digital Crack Cocaine: The Science Behind TikTok’s Success." *Forbes*, 18 Jan. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/01/18/digital-crack-cocaine-the-science-behind-tiktoks-success/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2025.

 

⁵⁴M.D, Bessel van der Kolk. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Reprint edition, Penguin Books, 2015.

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